洞口之戰

洞口之戰
	三國戰爭的一部分
日期	222年10月 – 223年1月
地點	洞口（今江蘇溧陽長江沿岸）
結果	孫吳獲勝，總體僵持，曹魏撤退
參戰方
曹魏	孫吳
指揮官與領導者
曹休	呂範

洞口之戰是222年10月至223年1月發生在曹魏和孫吳之間的一場水上戰役。孫吳最終贏得這場戰役勝利。

背景

蜀帝劉備在夷陵之戰被孫權的部隊擊敗後，自麥城之戰以來有所緩和的曹魏和孫吳關係又有所惡化。^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

曹魏皇帝曹丕要求孫權派長子孫登前往曹魏首都洛陽作為人質。然而孫權拒絕了這個要求，後來孫權又向曹丕道歉，聲稱他的兒子還很小，健康狀況不佳，無法出門在外。^[6]但曹丕依然要求孫登作為人質，這一要求被孫權再次拒絕了。

兩國之間的外交關係持續惡化，最後曹丕決定進攻孫權。孫權派使節前往曹魏談判，希望能維持和平，但曹魏拒絕。不久，孫權在222年11月宣布使用自己的年號黃武，不再使用曹魏的年號黃初。^[7]

戰爭

部署

222年10月下旬，曹丕下令曹休、張遼、鎮東將軍臧霸、豫州刺史賈逵率各州郡二十餘軍的兵力沿資江而下進軍歷陽洞浦，攻擊洞口縣；曹仁進攻濡須；曹真、夏侯尚、張郃和徐晃圍攻南郡。^[8]作為回應，孫權讓呂範指揮徐盛、偏將軍全琮、孫韶等人率領五軍的兵力抗擊曹休，遷呂范為前將軍；派遣諸葛瑾、潘璋和楊粲前去以解除曹魏對由朱然守衛的南郡的圍困，而朱桓則去濡須防守以應對曹仁的進攻。^[9]

曹魏進攻

最初，曹魏軍很快就穿透孫吳防線。此外，呂範的部隊遭到暴風雨襲擊，造成了嚴重損失，儘管曹休也因暴風雨而受阻。^[10]呂范有的軍隊被吹到敵岸之上，曹休、張遼、臧霸、兗州刺史王凌等乘機進攻，呂范軍戰死及溺死者有數千人。呂范與曹休們交戰的時候，孫權的弟弟定武中郎將孫仁違反軍令私自把呂范的軍需物資燒毀了，因此呂范無法重整軍力，於是引軍退守江南，把孫仁交給孫權處置。孫權聽到張遼也參與進攻，頓時感到害怕，孫權對他的下屬說：「雖然張遼已經生病，但他仍然是一個不容小覷的敵人。大家要小心！」後來張遼和其他曹魏將軍擊敗了呂範。^[11]此後曹休、張遼和臧霸在洞口與呂範、徐盛、全琮和孫韶等人對峙。^[12]張遼在江都病逝。

223年初，曹休命令臧霸以輕船五百、敢死之士萬人進攻徐陵郡，燒攻城車，殺獲數千人，吳將賀齊最後到達戰場支援，所以沒有遭到任何損失，吳軍殘餘軍力依賴賀齊這支軍力才得以維持戰線，曹休等人對賀齊的軍備儀容非常忌憚。曹休命臧霸追擊敵人，徐盛和全琮收拾殘兵眾部，召集餘下的士兵進行反擊，臧霸遭到反擊受到大敗，其麾下的青徐州將軍尹禮被全琮與徐盛梟首，同時被殺獲幾百人。

曹魏撤退

由於孫吳增援部隊到達，呂範、徐盛和孫韶阻止了曹魏的進一步進攻，且曹魏也無法突破南郡。最終，洞口的曹休以及曹魏軍被擊退，並撤回到了曹魏都城洛陽。

後果

洞口之戰曹魏失利後，孫權趁機於223年夏天發動反擊，成功佔領了蘄春。孫權成功抵擋魏國侵略，與曹魏徹底決裂，並最終於229年稱帝。

而孫仁因在洞口之戰中的作戰失誤，被開除出孫氏宗族，並更名為丁朗，且不再允許他帶兵。

王凌因功封宜城亭侯，加建武將軍。

參戰人員

曹魏

征東大將軍曹休
- 軍師趙儼
前將軍張遼
鎮東將軍臧霸
† 尹禮
兗州刺史王凌

孫吳

前將軍呂範
安東將軍賀齊
建武將軍徐盛
揚威將軍孫韶
偏將軍全琮
孫朗
參軍校尉吾粲
黃淵

三國演義

在三國演義中，曹魏將軍張遼在保衛曹丕免受孫吳將軍丁奉襲擊而被丁奉射中腰部。戰鬥結束後不久，張遼就因箭傷而死。曹丕為張遼舉行了隆重的葬禮。^[13]洞口之戰的過程也被略寫為「曹休被呂范殺敗」。

史實

222年，即使張遼生病了，他仍參加了洞口之戰。當孫權聽說張遼也參戰時，警告他的手下要小心。張遼和其他曹魏將領曾擊敗了孫吳將領呂範。但是，張遼的病情逐漸惡化了，並於當年晚些時候在江都去世。^[14]

流行文化

在Koei的真·三國無雙系列的真·三國無雙6中涉及洞口之戰。洞口之戰是孫吳故事模式的最後一個階段，當玩家使用孫權的時候張遼會被孫權殺死。

參考文獻

^ (秋九月，魏乃命曹休、張遼、臧霸出洞口，曹仁出濡須，曹真、夏侯尚、張郃、徐晃圍南郡。 ... 冬十一月，大風。呂範等兵溺死者數千，余軍還江南。曹休使臧霸以輕船五百、敢死萬人襲攻徐陵，燒攻城車，殺略數千人。)《三國志》卷四十七
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於8 June 2011）. With the full defeat of Liu Bei in the late summer and early autumn of 222, Sun Quan had obtained all possible benefit from his formal submission to Cao Pi and the empire of Wei, and he wasted very little time in breaking that connection.
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於8 June 2011）. It had never been popular with his officers.
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於8 June 2011）. , and even at the time of his enfeoffment as King of Wu there had been those who argued against accepting such a rank from the usurping Emperor, and who suggested that Sun Quan should take some independent title as Lord of Nine Provinces, claiming hegemony in support of Han. This was, as we have discussed, quite inappropriate and impractical in the circumstances, and the submission to Cao Pi was an essential preparation for dealing with Liu Bei.
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於8 June 2011）. On the other hand, the alliance with the north was always a matter of expediency, and there seems no probability that Sun Quan intended it to last any longer than it needed.
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於8 June 2011）. Sun Quan sent up a letter of apology, saying that his son was too young and delicate in health to be sent away from home, and for the time being Cao Pi did not press the matter.
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於8 June 2011）. At this ultimatum, surely by no means unexpected, in the tenth month, being early November of 222, Sun Quan declared his independence of Wei.
^ (秋九月，魏乃命曹休、張遼、臧霸出洞口，曹仁出濡須，曹真、夏侯尚、張郃、徐晃圍南郡。)《三國志》卷四十七
^ (權遣呂範等督五軍，以舟軍拒休等，諸葛瑾、潘璋、楊粲救南郡，朱桓以濡須督拒仁。)《三國志》卷四十七
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於8 June 2011）. His adviser Dong Zhao assured him he need have no such worry: even if Cao Xiu was hot-headed enough to court such disaster, his wiser subordinates would be quite well aware of the dangers and would refuse to support him. Cao Pi may have been re-assured that Cao Xiu would not do anything rash, but there is nothing in the record to suggest that anyone under his command had any confidence of the most limited success.
^ (權甚憚焉，敕諸將：「張遼雖病，不可當也，慎之！」是歲，遼與諸將破權將呂范。)《三國志》卷一十七
^ (曹休、張遼，臧霸等來伐，范督徐盛、全琮、孫韶等，以舟師拒休等於洞口。)《三國志》卷五十六
^ 《三國演義》第86回
^ (遼還屯雍丘，得疾。帝遣侍中劉曄將太醫視疾，虎賁問消息，道路相屬。疾未瘳，帝迎遼就行在所，車駕親臨，執其手，賜以御衣，太官日送御食。疾小差，還屯。孫權復叛，帝遣遼乘舟，與曹休至海陵，臨江。權甚憚焉，敕諸將：「張遼雖病，不可當也，慎之！」是歲，遼與諸將破權將呂范。遼病篤，遂薨於江都。)《三國志》卷一十七

陳壽。 三國志 。
羅貫中。 三國演義 。

[1] (秋九月，魏乃命曹休、張遼、臧霸出洞口，曹仁出濡須，曹真、夏侯尚、張郃、徐晃圍南郡。 ... 冬十一月，大風。呂範等兵溺死者數千，余軍還江南。曹休使臧霸以輕船五百、敢死萬人襲攻徐陵，燒攻城車，殺略數千人。)《三國志》卷四十七

[2] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於8 June 2011）. With the full defeat of Liu Bei in the late summer and early autumn of 222, Sun Quan had obtained all possible benefit from his formal submission to Cao Pi and the empire of Wei, and he wasted very little time in breaking that connection.

[3] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於8 June 2011）. It had never been popular with his officers.

[4] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於8 June 2011）. , and even at the time of his enfeoffment as King of Wu there had been those who argued against accepting such a rank from the usurping Emperor, and who suggested that Sun Quan should take some independent title as Lord of Nine Provinces, claiming hegemony in support of Han. This was, as we have discussed, quite inappropriate and impractical in the circumstances, and the submission to Cao Pi was an essential preparation for dealing with Liu Bei.

[5] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於8 June 2011）. On the other hand, the alliance with the north was always a matter of expediency, and there seems no probability that Sun Quan intended it to last any longer than it needed.

[6] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於8 June 2011）. Sun Quan sent up a letter of apology, saying that his son was too young and delicate in health to be sent away from home, and for the time being Cao Pi did not press the matter.

[7] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於8 June 2011）. At this ultimatum, surely by no means unexpected, in the tenth month, being early November of 222, Sun Quan declared his independence of Wei.

[8] (秋九月，魏乃命曹休、張遼、臧霸出洞口，曹仁出濡須，曹真、夏侯尚、張郃、徐晃圍南郡。)《三國志》卷四十七

[9] (權遣呂範等督五軍，以舟軍拒休等，諸葛瑾、潘璋、楊粲救南郡，朱桓以濡須督拒仁。)《三國志》卷四十七

[10] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於8 June 2011）. His adviser Dong Zhao assured him he need have no such worry: even if Cao Xiu was hot-headed enough to court such disaster, his wiser subordinates would be quite well aware of the dangers and would refuse to support him. Cao Pi may have been re-assured that Cao Xiu would not do anything rash, but there is nothing in the record to suggest that anyone under his command had any confidence of the most limited success.

[11] (權甚憚焉，敕諸將：「張遼雖病，不可當也，慎之！」是歲，遼與諸將破權將呂范。)《三國志》卷一十七

[12] (曹休、張遼，臧霸等來伐，范督徐盛、全琮、孫韶等，以舟師拒休等於洞口。)《三國志》卷五十六

[13] 《三國演義》第86回

[14] (遼還屯雍丘，得疾。帝遣侍中劉曄將太醫視疾，虎賁問消息，道路相屬。疾未瘳，帝迎遼就行在所，車駕親臨，執其手，賜以御衣，太官日送御食。疾小差，還屯。孫權復叛，帝遣遼乘舟，與曹休至海陵，臨江。權甚憚焉，敕諸將：「張遼雖病，不可當也，慎之！」是歲，遼與諸將破權將呂范。遼病篤，遂薨於江都。)《三國志》卷一十七

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