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取消文化

维基百科,自由的百科全书

取消文化[注 1](Cancel culture),或称指控文化[1](Call-out culture,亦译唱声文化[2]),[注 2]是一种社群抵制行为,为网络时代的一种放逐形式,一些人在看到内容不符合自己价值观的节目后,会举报某人或某节目,并发动舆论讨伐将其驱逐出其所属的社交圈或专业领域,使之失去原有社会关系平台(即“平台驱逐”)而无法继续存在,最终“被取消”(cancelled)。[3]

Dictionary.com的流行文化字典中,将“取消文化”定义为“不再支持做出令人不快或冒犯性之言行的公众人物或公司”[注 3][4]而控诉文化被视为“取消文化”的一种变异,为杯葛孤立英语Shunning的一种形式,其对象被认为做出了有问题或是有争议的言行。[5][6][7][8][9]“取消文化”此一措辞通常于多数时候具有负面意涵且常用于言论自由审查相关之辩论上。[10]

有一些声称被“取消”的人们往往在他们的职涯上仍旧具有权力。此外,部分取消行为透过“行使言论自由”与“促使人们为自己言行负责”之名辩护,[11][12][13]但亦有批评认为取消文化会制造寒蝉效应[14]取消文化、控诉文化可能造成不合比例地公审当事人而造成当事人社会性死亡的争议性结果。

起源

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美国乐队Chic于1981年所发行的专辑《脱掉英语Take It Off (album)》中,有一首歌〈你的爱被腰斩了〉(Your Love Is Canceled),其歌词将分手与电视节目被腰斩(cancellation;直译为“取消”)做类比。作曲者奈尔‧罗杰斯英语Nile Rodgers曾遇过一个试图滥用他的知名度之约会对象而不愉快。编剧贝里‧麦可‧库柏英语Barry Michael Cooper在1991年电影《万恶城市英语New Jack City》(New Jack City)中参考了这首歌,指一名女性被“取消”了。[15]此一词汇之后进入了非洲裔美国人白话英语,且被普遍地使用。

至于“指控文化”[注 2]一词则是从2014年的#MeToo运动开始使用的。[16]

描述

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根据韦氏词典,“取消”(cancel)在此意指“对某人停止给予支持”(to stop giving support to that person)。[5]Dictionary.com的流行文化字典中,将“取消文化”定义为“不再支持做出令人不快或冒犯性之言行的公众人物或公司”。[17]

此一现象已发生在公众人物与非公众人物上。[18]作家理伽雅‧米珊(Ligaya Mishan)于纽约时报上表示“‘取消’此一词汇被混乱地用于各种线上与现实的活动中,包括了私法正义英语Vigilantism、具敌意之辩论、跟踪、恐吓威胁、骚扰……等。拥护‘取消’此一概念的人们寻求的不只是即时的道歉(pat apologies)与反应,只是他们的目的并不是永远地如此明确,可能是纠正一个特定的错误,或者是要求对更大的权力不平等之补偿。”[注 4][10][18]

学术分析

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社会心理学家乔纳森·海伊特英语Jonathan Haidt与言论自由运动家格雷格·卢嘉诺夫英语Greg Lukianoff合著的《为什么我们制造出玻璃心世代?英语The Coddling of the American Mind》,[19]认为指控文化(call-out culture)来自校园中的“安全感”(safetyism)。[20]密歇根州立大学媒体研究教授基斯·汉普顿英语Keith Hampton将此归因为美国社会的政治极化英语Political polarization in the United States,而无法带来公众意见的变化。[21]文化研究学者法兰西丝·李英语Frances E. Lee认为指控文化会促成“错误、打压性,或不合适”的意见自律。[22][23]密歇根大学教授中村莉莎英语Lisa Nakamura认为取消是一种“文化抵制”(cultural boycott)的形式,而取消文化是因“控制欲”而诞生之“能动者的终极表现”,因为“人们对于他们在社群媒体上所见事物的控制能力有限”,且是一种对“未中心化的问责性”之需要。[24][25][26]

一些学者认为取消文化应该有替代的方式或是做出改善,如批判式多元文化主义教授布莱特(Anita Bright)提议用“召回”(calling-in)[注 5]取代“指控”(call-out),以更为“人性、温和与相互沟通”的方式寻求当责[27]

耶鲁大学的实验哲学家约书亚·诺布英语Joshua Knobe认为此种公然性的谴责是没有效率的,而且社会总是太快做出评断而将某些人当成公敌(public offender)或不受欢迎人物。诺布认为这些行动会对个人带来相反的效果,而最好将注意力放在多数社会参与者的正面行动。[28]

回响

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取消文化一词大多具有负面含义,用于言论自由和审查制度的辩论。[29][30]

美国前总统巴拉克·奥巴马曾公开警示社群媒体关于取消文化的事件,称道“做好事的人都有缺点。你正在与之斗争的人可能会爱自己的孩子,你知道,他们会与你分享某些东西。”[31]同为美国前总统的唐纳德·特朗普在2020年7月的一次演讲中谴责了取消文化,将其与极权主义相比较,并表示这是一种政治武器,用来惩罚和羞辱持不同政见者,迫使他们离开工作岗位,要求他们服从。但是川普亦因为过去经常与上流社会人士发生冲突而遭受舆论责备。[32]川普在2020年共和党全国代表大会上发表了类似的声明,当时他表示取消文化的目标是让体面的美国人生活在害怕被解雇、开除、羞辱、和被社会驱逐的恐惧中。

教宗方济各表示,取消文化是“一种意识形态殖民化,没有任何言论自由的空间”,并表示它“最终会取消所有身份感”。“黑人的命也是命”运动共同发起人派翠西·库尔洛斯英语Patrisse Cullors称社会行动主义不仅涉及上网或参加抗议活动以呼唤某人,还涉及战略会议、会议和签署请愿书的工作。[33][34][35]

流行文化

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美国影集《南方公园》在第22季(2018年)的宣传活动中借由发起了“取消南方公园”(#CancelSouthPark)活动来嘲弄取消文化。[36]。该季第三集“阿粪的问题”(The Problem with a Poo)剧情中参考了纪录片《阿普的问题英语The Problem with Apu》、《萝丝安英语Roseanne》因女主角演员发了争议推文而被腰斩一事,以及布雷特·卡瓦诺提名为大法官英语Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination的事情。

戴夫·查普尔将取消文化当作2019年单人脱口秀一笑置之英语Sticks & Stones (2019 film)》的主题。

狄克西女子合唱团(因大力批评小布什伊拉克战争[37]比尔·马厄(因多次争议行为)[38]都表示自己是取消文化的受害者。

参见

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注记

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  1. ^ 意译为“腰斩文化”,参照起源项。
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 原文“Call-out culture”照字面意义可译为扣帽子文化。在英文中,callout意思是“(idiomatic) A form of verbal abuse with the intention to make the victim feel guilty.”,意指一种言词上的辱骂且意图使对方有罪恶感。
  3. ^ 原文为:"withdrawing support for (canceling) public figures and companies after they have done or said something considered objectionable or offensive."[4]
  4. ^ 原文:"The term is shambolically applied to incidents both online and off that range from vigilante justice to hostile debate to stalking, intimidation and harassment....Those who embrace the idea (if not the precise language) of canceling seek more than pat apologies and retractions, although it's not always clear whether the goal is to right a specific wrong and redress a larger imbalance of power."[10]
  5. ^ 在英文中,call in意思是“(transitive) To withdraw something from sale or circulation.”,为recall的同义字,意指“召回”(将某样东西从销售或某种循环中收回);亦可指“(transitive) To summon someone, especially for help or advice.”,意指找人来协助或给予建议。

参考资料

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  1. ^ 當取消無所不在 我們可以保留什麼?, 中央社, 2021-02-17 [2021-08-15], (原始内容存档于2021-08-15) 
  2. ^ 《為什麼我們製造出玻璃心世代?》:看起來很會嗆,其實很玻璃(我講的不是小粉紅哦), The News Lens 关键评论网, 2020-06-20 [2021-08-15], (原始内容存档于2021-08-15) 
  3. ^ McDermott, John. Those People We Tried to Cancel? They're All Hanging Out Together. The New York Times. 2019-11-02 [2020-08-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-15). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 What Does Cancel Culture Mean?. dictionary.com. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-02). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 What It Means to Get 'Canceled'. www.merriam-webster.com. [2020-07-04]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-18) (英语). 
  6. ^ Sills, Sophie; Pickens, Chelsea; Beach, Karishma; Jones, Lloyd; Calder-Dawe, Octavia; Benton-Greig, Paulette; Gavey, Nicola. Rape culture and social media: young critics and a feminist counterpublic. Feminist Media Studies. 2016-03-23, 16 (6): 935–951. S2CID 147023782. doi:10.1080/14680777.2015.1137962. 
  7. ^ Munro, Ealasaid. Feminism: A Fourth Wave?. Political Insight. 2013-08-23, 4 (2): 22–25 [2020-04-29]. S2CID 142990260. doi:10.1111/2041-9066.12021. (原始内容存档于2019-12-10). 
  8. ^ Yar, Sanam; Bromwich, Jonah Engel. Tales From the Teenage Cancel Culture. The New York Times. 2019-10-31 [2020-07-04]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于2020-06-01). 
  9. ^ Bromwich, Jonah Engel. Everyone Is Canceled. The New York Times. 2018-06-28 [2020-07-24]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于2019-08-13). 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Mishan, Ligaya. The Long and Tortured History of Cancel Culture. T: The New York Times Style Magazine. 2020-12-03 [2021-08-06]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-04). 
  11. ^ Manavis, Sarah. "Cancel culture" does not exist. NewStatesman. 2020-07-16 [2021-08-06]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-02). 
  12. ^ The entitlement of Canadian politicians - Macleans.ca. www.macleans.ca. [2021-01-06]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-17). 
  13. ^ 'Cancel culture' is not the preserve of the left. Just ask our historians | David Olusoga. The Guardian. 2021-01-03 [2021-08-06]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-10). 
  14. ^ McWhorter, John. Academics Are Really, Really Worried About Their Freedom. [2021-07-30]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-13). 
  15. ^ McGrady, Clyde. The strange journey of 'cancel,' from a Black-culture punchline to a White-grievance watchword. The Washington Post. 2021-04-02 [2021-04-10]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-02). 
  16. ^ Mendes, Kaitlynn; Ringrose, Jessica; Keller, Jessalynn. #MeToo and the promise and pitfalls of challenging rape culture through digital feminist activism. European Journal of Women's Studies. 2018-05-01, 25 (2): 236–246. ISSN 1350-5068. doi:10.1177/1350506818765318. hdl:2381/41541可免费查阅 (英语). 
  17. ^ What does cancel culture mean?. [2021-09-07]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-30). Cancel culture refers to the popular practice of withdrawing support for (canceling) public figures and companies after they have done or said something considered objectionable or offensive. Cancel culture is generally discussed as being performed on social media in the form of group shaming. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Cancel culture: Have any two words become more weaponised?. BBC News. 2021-02-18 [2021-03-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-04) (英国英语). 
  19. ^ 美國大學生的玻璃心:The Coddling of the American Mind. [2021-09-07]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-04). 
  20. ^ Haidt, Jonathan; Lukianoff, Greg (2018). The Coddling of the American Mind: How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas Are Setting Up a Generation for Failure.英语The Coddling of the American Mind: How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas Are Setting Up a Generation for Failure New York City: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0-7352-2489-6. OCLC 1007552624.; For safetyism, see Lukianoff, Greg; Haidt, Jonathan (September 4, 2018). The Coddling of the American Mind. pp. 30, 158, 235, 268, 329. ISBN 978-0-7352-2490-2.
  21. ^ Agence France Presse (July 22, 2020). "La "cancel culture", nouvelle arme des anonymes et facteur de polarisation"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Le Journal de Montréal (in French). Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  22. ^ Lee, Frances (September 17, 2017). "'Excommunicate me from the church of social justice': an activist's plea for change"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). The Sunday Magazine. CBC Radio.
  23. ^ "Why I've Started to Fear My Fellow Social Justice Activists"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Yes!. Retrieved July 28, 2020
  24. ^ Bromwich, Jonah Engel (June 28, 2018). "Everyone Is Canceled"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 13, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  25. ^ Velasco, Joseph (October 2020). You are Cancelled: Virtual Collective Consciousness and the Emergence of Cancel Culture as Ideological Purging. Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 12(5). 12. Conference: 1st Rupkatha International Open Conference on Recent Advances in Interdisciplinary Humanities. doi:10.21659/rupkatha.v12n5.rioc1s21n2.
  26. ^ Wei, M. L.; Bunjun, Benita (October 21, 2020). "'We are not the shoes of white supremacists': a critical race perspective of consumer responses to brand attempts at countering racist associations". Journal of Marketing Management. 36 (13–14): 1252–1279. doi:10.1080/0267257X.2020.1806907. ISSN 0267-257X. S2CID 226315082.
  27. ^ Bright, Anita; Gambrell, James (2017). "Calling In, Not Calling Out: A Critical Race Framework for Nurturing Cross-Cultural Alliances in Teacher Candidates".页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Handbook of Research on Promoting Cross-Cultural Competence and Social Justice in Teacher Education. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-0897-7.ch011. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  28. ^ Stein, J. (August 13, 2015). "I'm making the case for public shaming-unless you publicly shame me for doing so". Time. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
  29. ^ Brown, Dalvin. Twitter's cancel culture: A force for good or a digital witchhunt? The answer is complicated.. USA Today. (原始内容存档于2020-07-24) (美国英语). 
  30. ^ Where Did Cancel Culture Come From?. Dictionary.com. (原始内容存档于2020-06-30) (美国英语). 
  31. ^ Bostock, Bill. Obama laid into young people being 'politically woke' and 'as judgmental as possible' in a speech about call-out culture. Business Insider. 2019-10-30 [2020-07-23]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-23). 
  32. ^ Daniel Dale. A list of people and things Donald Trump tried to get canceled before he railed against 'cancel culture'. CNN. 2020-07-07 [2020-08-01]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-28). 
  33. ^ Pope Francis. ADDRESS OF HIS HOLINESS POPE FRANCIS TO THE MEMBERS OF THE DIPLOMATIC CORPS ACCREDITED TO THE HOLY SEE. Vatican.va. 2022-01-10 [2022-10-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-08-28). 
  34. ^ Kington, Tom. Cancel culture is rewriting the past, warns Pope Francis. The Times. 2022-01-11 [2022-01-11]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-11). 
  35. ^ Rocca, Francis X. Pope Francis Denounces 'Cancel Culture' and Antivaccine 'Ideology'. Wall Street Journal. 2022-01-10 [2022-10-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-05). 
  36. ^ Andrews, Travis M. (October 17, 2018). "How 'South Park' became the ultimate #bothsides show"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). The Washington Post. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
  37. ^ Dixie Chicks talk cancel culture 17 years after being blacklisted. Good Morning America (ABC). 2020-03-16 [2021-09-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-31). 
  38. ^ Ali, Rasha. Bill Maher talks cancel culture and John Lewis with authors of Harper's open 'letter on justice'. USA Today. 2020-08-01 [2021-09-08]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-27).